您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律论文 »

从“杜培武”一案谈起 小议刑讯逼供/孙荣杰

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-28 17:38:55  浏览:9104   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载
从“杜培武”一案谈起 小议刑讯逼供

孙荣杰

举国震惊的杜培武案一度引起了人们的广泛关注。虽然该案随着对肇事者的
处理已尘埃落定,但该案蕴含着丰富的刑事诉讼问题却却值得人们进一步思考:为何会造成刑讯逼供屡禁不止?有没有医治刑讯逼供的良方?从该案来看,我国刑诉又有哪些不足?这些问题值得人们深思。本文对此一一论述自己的见解。
杜培武系云南省昆明市公安局干警,其妻子与云南省万林县公安局副局长王俊波有染。一日,杜妻与王俊波在汽车中双双被枪杀。杜培武涉嫌故意杀人被捕。公安人员在对杜培武进行询问时采用了多种刑讯手段以逼取其口供。杜培武最终忍受不住讯问人员无所不用其极的刑讯手段,被迫承认了所谓故意杀人的犯罪事实,二审法院最终判处杜培武死刑,缓期两年执行。好在最后真凶因另案案发被羁押,供认自己系故意杀人之真凶,案情真相大白于天下,杜培武的冤情得以昭雪。从上面的介绍可以看出,刑讯逼供是造成“杜培武”冤案的直接原因,几乎错杀了一个清白的无辜者。杜培武是不幸的,同时也是幸运的,毕竟他还能活着等到沉冤得雪、重获自由的时候。刑讯逼供所导致的冤假错案肯定不只一个杜培武,还有若干个杜培武一样的刑讯的受害者,他们当中有人丢了性命,还有人在暗无天日的监劳里苦苦等候,希望能在有生之年等到沉冤昭雪的一天。
(一)刑讯逼供产生的根源
在杜培武一案中,办案人员给杜培武戴上了脚镣,又用手铐将杜的双手呈“大”字形悬空吊在铁门上……杜不断地声称冤枉。随着杜培武在法庭上绝望的呼喊声,司法的尊严也在刑讯逼供者的拳脚下被一点点的击碎。刑讯逼供的弊端可谓人所共知,国家也一再颁布法律规章严禁刑讯,但是从根本上消除刑讯逼供为何困难重重?我认为,这是与其产生的复杂原因休戚相关的。
首先是立法上面的原因:1、《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第93条:“……犯罪嫌疑人对侦查人员的提问应当如实回答”的规定,为侦查人员进行刑讯逼供提供了法律依据。刑事诉讼法第43条规定,严禁刑讯逼供和以威胁、引诱、欺骗以及其他非法的方法收集证据,但没有赋予犯罪嫌疑人、被告人沉默权,相反,刑事诉讼法第93条规定了犯罪嫌疑人承担供述义务。当犯罪嫌疑人没有按照侦查人员的讯问供认犯罪和回答问题时,侦查人员便可以以没有“如实回答”为由,采取种种手段强迫犯罪嫌疑人按其意图回答问题,其中难免刑讯逼供。这条与沉默权相对立的规定,显然与刑事司法国际标准不相一致,其消极影响也是不言而喻:既无助于取证行为的合法化、文明化,且助长了诉讼活动中对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人口供的过分依赖,在某种意义上纵容了刑讯逼供行为的发生,为随意侵犯犯罪嫌疑人的人权提供了可能。可以这么说,在某种意义上来讲,刑诉第93条规定为刑讯逼供的产生打下了坚实的“法律基础”。因为,如果他不履行这一义务,必然导致不利的后果,而刑讯逼供便是其中最为直接的“惩罚”。2、没有明确地确立非法证据排除规则。欧美国家刑事诉讼法对违反程序收集证据的相关后果作出明确有效的规定。在英美法系,把“采用刑讯手段非法收集证据的行为”比喻成“毒树”,把“收集来的非法证据”比成“毒果”。 在证据学上,英美法系国家对待非法证据的做法一般是砍掉毒树、放弃毒果。虽然我国刑事诉讼法第43条规定:“审判人员、检察人员、侦查人员必须依照法定程序,收集能够证实犯罪嫌疑人、被告人有罪或者无罪、犯罪情节轻重的各种证据。严禁刑讯逼供和以威胁、引诱、欺骗以及其他非法方法收集证据。”但是,对通过刑讯逼供取得的供认和由此取得的物证、书证是否能采纳为证据却没有规定。而我国从“重实体,轻程序”传统观念出发,明显倾向于放纵毒树、吃掉果实。正是由于我国对毒果的难舍难分,导致了司法实践中对毒树采取了暖昧态度,使刑讯逼供等“毒树”在睁一只眼闭一只眼状况下“根深叶茂”。
其次,是诉讼模式上原因。鉴于口供的巨大作用,加之其他因素(如一些侦查人员的素质较低、侦查技术的相对落后)的影响,我国长期采用“由供到证”的侦查模式,案件成败往往过分依赖于口供这个“证据之王”,当不能通过常规手段获取口供时,刑讯逼供等非法手段就成为获取口供的“杀手锏”。封建社会司法断案采用的原始野蛮的方法和手段在一些人思想意识上的残留也导致了刑讯逼供的产生。在封建专制的社会里,掌权者将刑讯逼供奉为审案断狱的法宝。他们认为,获取被告人和犯罪嫌疑人的口供就可以定案。客观证据只是作为对口供证据的印证和补充。把罪与非罪,定在是否有口供上。为了取得口供,不惜动用刑具,摧残被告人的肉体。也就是说罪与非罪,是靠被告人肉体在承受刑具所带来的皮肉、筋骨痛苦的程度上所决定。这样断案定罪的话,有罪人得不到应有的惩罚,而有可能无辜者被冤枉。历史上的和现实中造成的冤案不乏其例。
(二)、刑讯逼供遏止对策
刑讯逼供的危害显而易见。刑讯逼供容易酿成冤假错案,造成疑案、积案;严重侵犯了被追诉者的人身自由、人格尊严;损害司法机关的执法形象,破坏国家的法治基础。防治、遏止刑讯逼供的对策应当针对刑讯产生的原因来“对症下药”。鉴于上面提到了几点刑讯产生原因,我个人认为:
首先,应当从立法上根除刑讯逼供产生的“合法外衣”,即取消“犯罪嫌疑人有如实回答的义务”这一违反诉讼法理的规定。取消刑诉第93条规定使刑讯逼供丧失最后的法律依仗,并以法律的形式约束司法人员的非法行为,以此为依据保护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益,进而最终确保犯罪嫌疑人、被告人人身、人格权利保护的实现。同时也应当赋予犯罪嫌疑人、被告人沉默权。犯罪嫌疑人、被告人有权保持沉默,口供与定案失去了必然联系,逼取口供也失去了动力和条件。
其次,完善我国证据立法,构建符合我国国情的非法证据排除规则。要想否定一项诉讼行为,最有效的莫过于宣告其失效,而要想制止非法取证行为,最有效的办法就是宣告违法取得的证据不具有可采性。因此,从法律上坚决排除刑讯逼供获得的言词证据,对以威胁、引诱、欺骗等方法获得的言词证据也应当从法律上坚决予以排除。这样一来就砍掉“毒树”,并拒绝食用“毒果”,从根本上消除滋生“毒树”的土壤。
最后,应当加强司法工作人员的政治思想工作,从观念上要转变犯罪嫌疑人、被告人就是罪犯的观念,做好司法工作人员培训工作,把好入口关,提高其业务素质和政策水平。
当然,也应当赋予律师在侦查机关讯问犯罪嫌疑人时到场的权利。律师在场会使侦查人员有所顾忌,更能注意依法办案。在询问过程中,全程录音录像的方法也是有效遏止的途径之一。
刑讯逼供,由来已久,积习较深,要想纠正和制止这一历史沉积下来的顽症,从根本上杜绝刑讯逼供的发生,则是一项系统工程,需要社会各界的不懈努力。相信随着我国社会政治、文化和法制的不断发展,人权观念的逐步增强和刑事司法水平的日益提高,刑讯逼供这一长期困扰着我国刑事诉讼的顽症必将得到改善和遏止。
(三)“杜培武”案反映的我国刑诉程序上的不足
“杜培武”一案之所以这么被关注,这么多地被研究刑事诉讼的学者提及,不是因为杜培武本身是警察,两名被害人也是警察,而是因为此案所显露地我国刑诉程序上的问题值得令人深思。
杜培武之所以被办案人员刑讯逼供,关键原因在于司法程序对口供证据的允许和认可。从刑事诉讼整个制度设计看,在侦查阶段,刑事诉讼法规定:“犯罪嫌疑人对侦查人员的提问,应当如实回答。”公安机关讯问犯罪嫌疑人的口号是:坦白从宽、抗拒从严!对犯罪嫌疑人的沉默权完全否定,这是一种允许从口供中取证的司法程序,鼓励办案人员从口供中寻求破案的线索,形成了从口供中破案最简单最有效的习惯性做法。办案人员把主要精力都用在取得犯罪嫌疑人的口供上,想方设法掏取口供。在缺乏严格的法律规范和有效监督的情况下,在一定的功利心理的驱使下,侦查人员滥用权力的刑讯逼供自然不可避免。在诉讼阶段,口供证据能在法庭上不经过质证而轻易得到确认。作为国家机关,公诉方提供的证据似乎具有不容怀疑的证明效力,检察机关在法庭审理结束后的3天内,要将全部案卷材料移送法院,公诉方提供的证据意见对法院判案无疑有着压倒优势的影响,往往成为判决的重要依据。同时,法律对警察是否应当出庭接受质证并无明确规定,故警察习惯于只提供书面证据而不出庭作证和接受质证,这在一定程度上纵容了逼供和假证。
在司法实践中,侦查机关用刑讯逼供等非法手段获取口供的行为屡见不鲜;而在法庭审理过程中,被害人及其辩护人也越来越多地辩称其口供系通过刑讯逼供、威胁、欺骗、引诱等非法方法所获得的。在杜培武案的庭审中,在强烈的求生欲望驱使下,杜培武不顾一切地高声申辩:“我没有杀人!我受到了严刑逼供!” 由于我国法律对被告人当庭翻供之后程序如何进行没有作出明确的规定,因此司法实践中做法是要么置被告人的翻供不理不睬,要么斥责被告人无理狡辩、态度不老实;而公诉人为避免尴尬也往往不愿就非法证据承担举证责任。这样被告人的翻供通常无法得到证明,造成了一定的冤家错案。笔者认为,在被告人当庭翻供之后诉讼程序应当如何进行,这在我国法律上没有明确的规定。应当从有利于对被告人的合法权益的保障和防止使被告人陷入自证其罪的不利地位的角度出发,被告人对程序的进行应当有权施加一定的影响。在被告人翻供之后,审判人员应当对被告人的翻供进行必要审查,如果使其产生了对庭前供述的合理怀疑时,法庭应当宣布体庭,并对该供述作进一步的审查。
杜培武本人受到刑讯逼供的事实,反映了在刑诉司法实践中“无罪推定、疑罪从无”的原则并没有得到真正有效的贯彻执行。我国刑事诉讼法第162条规定,证据不足,不能认定被告人有罪的应当作出证据不足,指控的犯罪不能成立的无罪判决。这是无罪推定、疑罪从无原则在我国刑事法律中的体现。我国刑事诉讼法第12条规定,未经人民法院依法判决,对任何人都不得确定有罪。这说明我国刑事诉讼法已经吸收了无罪推定原则的精神。但在现实司法实践中,有相当一部分公安司法人员头脑中尚存有罪推定之余毒。他们对犯罪嫌疑人先入为主,信奉罪从供出,对被讯问人滥施刑讯毒刑,严重侵害犯罪嫌疑人的人身权利。在法院最后定案量刑上来看,二审法院最终判处杜培武死刑,缓期两年执行。在杜培武一案中,控方所提供的证据未能充分证明被告人所犯罪行。在这种情况下,法院对存疑案件的矛盾态度,既知道现有证据不足以坐实罪名,又不甘心作出无罪判决,就以留有余地的判决来处理。这样的做法事实上是一种“疑罪从轻”的行为,违反了刑诉所规定“疑罪从无”的法律原则。
司法制度的功能不在于平反多少冤狱,而在于宁纵不枉,尽量防止悲剧的发生,避免出现第二个、第三个获得了迟到的平反却欲哭无泪的杜培武。笔者衷心期望在司法实践中能使无罪推定原则真正得以贯彻,无疑这是有着类似杜培武遭遇者的护身符,只要无罪推定原则早日在司法实践中扎根,那么离我国建设法治国家的目标也就不远了。

下载地址: 点击此处下载

淮安市人民政府办公室关于印发淮安市统计工作巡查办法的通知

江苏省淮安市人民政府办公室


关于印发淮安市统计工作巡查办法的通知

淮政办发〔2009〕107号


各县(区)人民政府,市各委、办、局,市各直属单位:

《淮安市统计工作巡查办法》已经市人民政府同意,现印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。

二○○九年七月二十四日





淮安市统计工作巡查办法



第一条 根据《中华人民共和国统计法》、《江苏省统计工作巡查办法》等有关规定,为加强对全市统计工作统一领导和协调,监督检查统计法规和统计制度的实施,规范统计工作秩序,提高统计工作水平,确保统计数据质量,特制定本办法。

第二条 巡查对象:

(一)县(区)人民政府;

(二)市级有关部门。

第三条 巡查内容:

(一)统计工作组织领导和保障情况;

(二)统计法律、法规、规章和统计制度执行情况;

(三)统计数据质量控制和统计资料管理、公布情况;

(四)统计基础工作情况;

(五)市委、市政府有关加强统计工作文件精神落实情况;

(六)重大国情国力调查任务完成情况;

(七)市政府安排的主要统计工作完成情况。

第四条 根据巡查对象的实际情况和工作需要,开展综合巡查或专项巡查。

第五条 市统计局成立巡查工作领导小组,负责巡查工作的组织协调,每年选择部分巡查对象进行巡查。

第六条 巡查工作步骤:

(一)根据工作任务需要,成立巡查组。

(二)下发巡查工作通知,要求巡查对象开展自查。

(三)巡查组进行现场检查:

1.听取自查情况汇报;

2.召开有关座谈会;

3.进行必要的个别谈话;

4.查阅有关资料;

5.抽查部分基层单位;

6.其他必要的检查工作。

(四)巡查工作结束时,由巡查组与巡查对象领导班子交换意见,沟通有关情况。

(五)巡查工作结束后两周内,巡查组向市统计局提交巡查报告。

第七条 巡查结果处理:

巡查工作结束后一个月内,市统计局对巡查报告进行审议,并按以下规定办理:

(一)根据巡查情况,拟定《统计巡查意见书》,向巡查对象进行反馈,对统计巡查中发现的问题,提出整改意见并限期改正;

(二)巡查对象在接到《统计巡查意见书》后两个月内向市统计局报送有关整改材料;

(三)对巡查中发现的统计违法或违纪行为,依照有关规定、权限和程序移交相关职能机构进行处理;

(四)必要时,向政府有关部门通报或者向社会公布巡查结果。

第八条 巡查组在巡查工作中,应当认真听取巡查对象对全市统计工作的意见和建议,并及时向巡查工作领导小组和相关责任单位反映,有关单位应当及时制订改进措施。

第九条 巡查工作实行巡查组负责制。巡查组必须坚持原则,做到公平公正,遵守工作纪律,并对巡查报告的真实性负责。

第十条 巡查对象和有关人员要如实提供情况,对弄虚作假,阻碍、拒绝配合巡查组工作的,将依据有关法律法规对相关责任人员进行查处。

第十一条 巡查对象和有关人员有权对巡查组或巡查组成员违反本办法的行为,向驻市统计局纪检监察部门举报。

第十二条 各县(区)统计局可以参照本办法,在本地区开展统计巡查工作。

第十三条 本办法由市统计局负责解释。

第十四条 本办法自公布之日起实施。




中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

(1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行)

规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理,保证测绘成果的合理利用,提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益,更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果,是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件;
(二)航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带;
(三)各种地图(包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等);
(四)工程测量数据和图件;
(五)其他有关地理数据;
(六)与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理,建立健全规章制度,运用现代科学技术手段,及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开(公开使用、公开出版)和未公开(内部使用、保密)的不同性质,按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后,由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定,并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案;其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果,必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的,必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁,应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准,严格进行登记、造册和监销,并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果,必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本(一式一份);
(二)航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录(一式一份);
(三)地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录(一式一份);
(四)正式印制的各种地图(一式两份);
(五)有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录(一式一份)。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准,在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果,依据本规定进行管理,其成果的所有权属分别为:
(一)外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果,均属中华人民共和国所有;
(二)外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,应当在不违反本规定的前提下,由双方按合同规定分享;
(三)外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位,必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函,向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位,按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的,由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门,通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的,由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门,通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果,必须经过检查验收,质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后,会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准;复制保密的测绘成果,还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果,受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密,各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法,按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据(包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等),应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后,由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人,予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的,由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失,并负责补测或者重测;情节严重的,由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位,按以下规定,给予行政处罚:
(一)对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准,擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的,依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得,可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款;
(二)对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
(三)对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准,擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人,由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任:
(一)丢失保密测绘成果,或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的;
(二)未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续,擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(三)测绘成果管理人员不履行职责,致使测绘成果遭受重大损失,或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(四)测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议;对复议决定不服的,可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内,向人民法院起诉;当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,直接向人民法院起诉,期满不起诉又不执行的,由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院有关部门和军队,可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.